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The Battle of San Pasqual, also spelled San Pascual, was a military encounter that occurred during the Mexican-American War in what is now the San Pasqual Valley community of the city of San Diego, California. On December 6 and December 7, 1846, General Stephen W. Kearny's US Army column 'Army of the West', along with a small detachment of the California Battalion led by a Marine Lieutenant, engaged a small contingent of Californios and their Presidial Lancers Los Galgos (The Greyhounds), led by Major Andrés Pico. After U.S. reinforcements arrived, Kearny's troops were able to reach San Diego. ==Background== General Kearny had orders to assume command of U.S. forces in California with his, but sent back most of his force after meeting up with Kit Carson near Socorro on 6 Oct. and hearing of the seizure of California by Commodore Robert F. Stockton, Kearny keeping only Companies C & K, 1st Dragoons, about 100 men.〔 Kearny's force, guided by Carson, reached Warner's Ranch in California on 2 Dec., in a greatly weakened condition.〔Bauer, K.J., 1974, The Mexican War, 1846-1848, New York:Macmillan, ISBN 0803261071〕 They had just completed a 2,000 mile march; the longest march in U.S. Army history.〔The Journal of San Diego History 62 “Your Affectionate Son, Robinson” American Expansionism and the Life of Captain Abraham Robinson Johnston, 1815-1846 Winner of the 2005 Milton Fintzelberg Memorial Award Steven L. Wright〕 General Kearny's Army, most originating from Fort Scott:〔"Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States, Volume 16" Military Service Institution of the United States, By authority of the Executive Council, 1895. (http://books.google.com )〕〔Edwin Legrand Sabin "Kit Carson Days, 1809-1868: Adventures in the Path of Empire," Volume 2, pages 524 - 531, Nebraska Press, 1995. (http://books.google.com )〕 * Captain Abraham Robinson Johnston - regimental adjutant, Company K, 12 mounted dragoons * Captain Benjamin (Ben) Daviess Moore〔Son of Capt. B. D. Moore http://www.jstor.org/stable/41169602〕 - Company C, 60 dismounted dragoons, some mounted on mules * Captain Henry Smith Turner - Kearny's Army of the West Adjutant general〔Letters of Captain Henry S. Turner on the Kearny-Fremont ... . Turner, Henry Smith, 1811-1881 http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822035076843;view=1up;seq=6〕〔The Leading Facts of New Mexican History, By Ralph Emerson Twitchell (http://books.google.com )〕 * Lieutenant William H. Emory〔Notes of a military reconnoissance from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri to San ... By United States. Army. Corps of Topographical Engineers, William Hemsley Emory, http://books.google.com/books?id=wz7Yd_DvzFgC&vq=Warren&pg=PA143#v=onepage&q=california&f=false〕 - Chief Topographical Engineer, Corps of Topographical Engineers * Lieutenant William H. Warner - Corps of Topographical Engineers,〔"California and the Mexican War: The Battle of San Pasqual," California State Military Department The California State Military Museum, last accessed 7/20/2014. http://www.militarymuseum.org/SanPasqual.html〕 commanding four topographical engineering 'mountainmen' Peterson, Londeau, Perrot, and Private Francois Menard * Lieutenant John W. Davidson - commanded 2 howitzers and 6 dragoons placed at the rear of the advance〔THE CHARGE, last accessed 7/20/2014. http://www.sanpasqual.org/account-3-the-charge.html〕 * Second Lieutenant Thomas (Tom) C. Hammond - aide-de-camp 〔〔Thomas C. Hammond class of 1842 http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/1159 *.html〕 * Major Swords - assistant quartermaster〔"Get a Look at the Mighty Pacific: Thomas Swords Dragoon Quartermaster" William Gorenfeld (c) October 9, 2007. Last accessed 7/20/2014 http://musketoon.blogspot.com/2007/08/thomas-swords-dragoon-quartermaster.html〕 - rear guard for baggage train, officers' personal slaves, and civilians * U.S. Army Surgeon (Captain) Dr. John S. Griffin * Enlisted men: * * Judge Pearce (Kearny's personal bodyguard),〔 Sergeant Williams,〔 Pat Halpin (bugler),〔"The Conquest of California: The Battle of San Pasqual" Westerners Los Angeles Corral, Number 207, Spring 1997〕 Sergeant Falls,〔 Sergeant John Cox,〔 Private William B. Dunne,〔 Private David Streeter,〔 Private James Osbourne,〔 (Private) Dr. Erasmus Darwin French(physician asst.)〔 * * Company C: Corporal William C. West,〔The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Volume 22 By Hubert Howe Bancroft, last accessed 7/20/2014. http://books.google.com/books?id=CioOAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA346&ots=yx2VJSUJdj&dq=Private%20Hugh%20McKaffray%201st%20dragoons&pg=PA346#v=onepage&q=Private%20Hugh%20McKaffray%201st%20dragoons&f=false〕 Private George Ashmead,〔 Private Joseph T. Campbell,〔 Private John Dunlop,〔 Private William Dalton,〔 Private William C. Lucky,〔 Private Samuel F. Repoll,〔 Private Joseph B. Kennedy,〔 * * Company K: 1st Sergeant Otis L. Moor,〔 Sergeant William Whitness,〔 Corporal George Ramsdale,〔 farrier David W. Johnston,〔 Private William G. Gholston,〔 Private William H. Fiel,〔 Private Robert S. Gregory,〔 Private Hugh McKaffray〔 After turning back the Americans trying to recapture Los Angeles in the Battle of Dominguez Rancho, Capt. Jose Maria Flores sent about 100 men to San Luis Obispo to confront Lt. Col. John C. Fremont's 300 men moving south from Monterey, and sent another 100 men to watch Stockton's base at San Diego, but Flores kept the bulk of his men at Los Angeles.〔 Captain Archibald Gillespie with 39 men, met Kearny on 5 Dec. with a message from Stockton requesting Kearny confront Flores' men outside San Diego.〔〔 The total American force now amounted to 179 men.〔THE JOURNALS OF MARINE SECOND LIEUTENANT HENRY BULLS WATSON 1845-1848, page 261, Last accessed 03/14/2012.. http://www.marines.mil/news/publications/Documents/THE%20JOURNALS%20OF%20MARINE%20SECOND%20LIEUTENANT%20HENRY%20BULLS%20WATSON%201845-1848%20%20PCN%2019000400000_3.PDF〕 USMC Acting-Captain (Lt.) Gillespie's Mounted Rifle Volunteers 'detachment' of the California Battalion:〔 * 10 U.S. Navy sailor carbiners from 'Fleet on the Pacific Coast' F Company〔"Battalion of Sailors, from the fleet on the Pacific coast 1847" Together we served, last accessed 7/20/2014. http://navy.togetherweserved.com/usn/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=EventExt&ID=228515〕 aboard the USS Congress commanded by Acting-Lieutenant Edward Fitzgerald Beale and Passed-Midshipman James M. Duncan (later commanded USS Norwich (1861) ) * Sutter Fort's Russian brass 4-pounder cannon;〔" A Brief History of John Sutter and his Bronze Field Cannon" interpreted by Stephen Beck -Archivist, Sacramento Historic Sites Association, last accessed 7/20/2014. http://www.fortrossstatepark.org/stevebeck-sutterpaper.htm〕 it had been hidden after Mexican authorities tried to use the cannon against Californios at the Battle of Cahuenga Pass during the 1831 tax revolt. Charles Weber disclosed its location to Gillespie.〔"A Brief History of John Sutter and his Bronze Field Cannon" as interpreted by Stephen Beck -Archivist, Sacramento Historic Sites Association, http://www.fortrossstatepark.org/stevebeck-sutterpaper.htm〕 * 26 Mounted Rifle Company, commanded by Acting-Captain (Sgt.) Samual Gibson (later commanded company B of 26th Arkansas Infantry Regiment) and longtime Kit Carson and John Fremont associate, Acting-Lieutenant Alexander Godey: including Antoine Robidoux(interpreter), Philip Crosthwaite, Beatitude Patitoux,〔 William (Col. Owl) Henry Russel〔William Henry Russell, Callaway, Jackson, Cass Co., MO Copyright. All rights reserved. http://www.usgwarchives.net/copyright.htm Submitted by: Bill LaBach The biography of William Henry Russell from the Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1935) follows (note that he was actually born in Fayette County, KY but practiced law in Nicholas County, KY): RUSSELL, WILLIAM HENRY (Oct. 9, 1802-Oct, 13, 1873), last accessed 7/21/2014http://files.usgwarchives.net/mo/cass/bios/russellwh01.txt〕 l,〔 Daniel Sexton,〔 Franklin Sears,〔 Thomas Burgess,〔 Jean Nutrelle,〔 Private Henry Booker,〔 ... * Rafael Machado, Californio guide provided by San Diego Captains Leonardo Cota and Jose Alipaz took a force to San Pasqual Valley with the intention to interdict and keep in check Captain Gillespie after his departure from San Diego. Later, Major Andrés Pico, after a failed search for a detachment of U.S. soldiers, joined forces with the captains and took command. These Californios led a force consisting of landowners, sons of landowners, and vaqueros, many with well known and respected family names in the community: * Don Leonardo Cota:〔An historical sketch of Los Angeles county, California. From the Spanish occupancy, by the founding of the mission San Gabriel Archangel, September 8, 1771, to July 4, 1876, last accessed 7/21/2014. http://www.mocavo.com/An-Historical-Sketch-of-Los-Angeles-County-California-From-the-Spanish-Occupancy-by-the-Founding-of-the-Mission-San-Gabriel-Archangel-September-8-1771-to-July-4-1876/329496/33〕 Capt. Enrique Abilia (Los Angeles), Capt. Ramon Carillo(Los Angeles), Capt. Jose Maria Cota(Los Angeles), Capt. Carlos Dominguez(Los Angeles), Capt. Nicolas Hermosillo(Los Angeles), Capt. Jose Alipaz (San Juan Capistrano), Capt. Ramon O. Suna (San Diego) * General Andres Pico:〔 Don Leandro Osuna (San Diego), Capt. Juan Bautista Moreno, Capt. Tomás A. Sanchez,〔〔Tomás A. Sanchez: The Californio Sheriff of Los Angeles By Alvaro Parra | August 22, 2013, last accessed 7/21/2014. http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/leimert-park/tomas-sanchez.html〕 Capt. Pablo Vejar,〔 Capt. Manuel Vejar 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of San Pasqual」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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